Book Review of R.J. Palacios Wonder

Wonder, R.J. Palacios debut novel, was written for children 8 to 12 years old, but its message defies genres. Published in 2012, its anti-bullying, pro-acceptance message will resonate with teenagers and even adults as well. Style Some books are action-packed, compelling the reader to turn the page to find out what happens next. Other books are compelling because they invite readers to engage with characters who are real, who come alive off the page, and who pull the reader into their story. Wonder is the latter kind of book. In fact, very little action happens within its pages, and yet readers will find themselves deeply affected by the story. Summary August Pullman (Auggie to his friends) is not an ordinary 10-year-old boy. He feels like one  and has the interests of one, but his face is not ordinary at all. In fact, its the type of face that scares kids and makes people stare. Auggie is pretty good natured about it all. This is the way he is, after all, and while he doesn’t like that people stare, there’s not much he can do about it. Because his face has required many reconstructive surgeries, Auggie has been homeschooled. But there are no more surgeries to be done for a while, and now August’s parents think it’s time that he goes to mainstream school, beginning with fifth grade in the fall. The idea of this terrifies Auggie; he knows how people react to seeing him, and he wonders if he will be able to fit in at school at all. He bravely gives it a go, but finds that it’s much like he expected. Many of the children laugh at him behind his back, and someone has started a game called the Plague, in which people â€Å"catch† a â€Å"disease† if they touch Auggie. One boy, Julian, leads the bullying attacks. He’s the sort of kid whom adults find charming, but in reality, he is quite mean to anyone not in his circle of friends. Auggie does make two close friends: Summer, a girl who actually likes Auggie for who he is, and Jack. Jack started out as Auggie’s â€Å"assigned† friend, and when Auggie finds this out, he and Jack have a falling out. However, they patch things up at Christmas, after Jack gets suspended for hitting Julian for badmouthing Auggie. This leads to a â€Å"war, with the popular boys against Auggie and Jack. While nothing more than mean words, in the form of notes in the lockers, fly between the two camps, the tension between them lasts until the spring. Then theres a confrontation between a group of older boys from a different school and Auggie and Jack at a sleep-away camp. They are hopelessly outnumbered until a group of boys who were formerly against Auggie and Jack help defend them from the bullies. In the end, Auggie has a successful year at school, and even makes the Honor Roll. In addition, the school gives him an award for courage, which he doesnt understand, musing, â€Å"If they want to give me a medal for being me, I’ll take it.† (p. 306) He sees himself as ordinary, and in the face of everything else, he really is just that: an ordinary kid. Review It‘s the straightforward, non-sentimental manner in which Palacio approaches her topic that makes this such an excellent book. Auggie might have an extraordinary face, but hes a regular kid, and that makes him relatable, in spite of his challenges. Palacio also shifts her point of view, telling the story through the eyes of characters other than Auggie. This allows the reader to get to know characters like Auggies sister, Via, who talks about the way her brother takes over the family’s life. However, some of the other viewpoints—especially of Via’s friends—feel somewhat unnecessary and bog down the middle of the book. The power of the book likes in how Palacio creates such a normal, relatable character from a boy living with such an extraordinary physical affliction. Even though Wonder is recommended for children ages 8 through 12, the books themes of identity, bullying, and acceptance make it interesting reading for a wide audience as well. About R.J. Palacio An art director by profession, R. J. Palacio first thought of the idea for Wonder when she and her children were on vacation. While there, they saw a young girl who had a condition similar to Auggie’s. Her children reacted badly, which got Palacio thinking about the girl and what she goes through on a daily basis. Palacio also thought about how she could have better taught her children to respond to situations like this. The book inspired Random House to start an anti-bullying campaign, called Choose Kind, with a site where people can share their experiences and sign a pledge to stamp out bullying. There you can also download an excellent Educator Guide for Wonder to use at home, or with a community grouop. Companion Book Auggie Me: Three Wonder Stories, also by R. J. Palacio, is a 320-page collection of three stories, each told from the point of view of one of three characters from Wonder: the bully Julian, Auggie’s oldest friend, Christopher, and his new friend, Charlotte. The stories take place prior to Auggie’s attending school and during his first year there. This book is neither a prequel nor a sequel to Wonder—in fact, Palacio has made it clear that she does not plan to ever write either. Instead, this book is meant as a companion for those who have already read Wonder and want to extend the experience by learning more about Auggies impact on the people around him.

Women in Homers Odyssey Essay - 1960 Words

As Agamemnon tells Odysseus, â€Å"Let it be a warning even to you. Indulge a woman never, and never tell her all you know. Some things a man may tell, some he should cover up.† (P.199, Book XI) This is not a revelation for the wayward King. Odysseus treats all women he encounters with the same caution alluded to by Agamemnon when the shade tells him how his treacherous wife Clytemnestra acted in a way that defiled all women kind. Agamemnon is giving words to the concept of women that existed in Greek times, and still exists today although it is hopefully not expressed as much. Even before Odysseus speaks to his dead friend, he reveals the same attitude in the encounters that he has with women along his journey home. Each and every†¦show more content†¦Both of these transgressions are against the natural order. All though the Gods in Greek times were much more human that in other cultures, it was not tolerated for them to behave with mortals in this way, as explained by Kalypso’s arguments with Hermes about why the two should have to separate. Odysseus for his part is not without a lie of his own; although in this particular case it may be that it is more a self-delusion than an outward lie. Odysseus cries every morning on the shores of the island, longing for home. But he also goes back to bed with Kalypso every night, showing an apathetic nature that constitutes a rare weakness on the part of the King. Very seldom is he shown in such an unflattering light. This self-delusion is a part of his need to deceive. A Goddess is not as susceptible to a lie as a mortal woman, and so Odysseus deceives himself to compensate. Most of his other confrontations are not as subtle. His encounter with Kirke, for instance, is a much cleaner deception, on the part of the adventurer and the Goddess. Kirke lures the men into her cave with promises of food and treasure, but then transforms them into animals. Odysseus’ men, famished from their days at sea, let down their guard and approach the cave. When they are trapped, Odysseus does not hesitate to come and rescue them. His answer to the Goddess is another deception, a similar tactic to that of all the various encounters that he has, both with women and with menShow MoreRelatedThe Odyssey : The Role Of Women In Homers Odyssey966 Words   |  4 Pagesinteractions. The Odyssey portrays what is right or wrong in relationships between god and mortal, father and son, and man and woman. In the epic poem, the role of women is a vital demonstration of Ancient Greece. The women in the epic are unique in their personality, motives, and relationships towards men. In Homers, The Odyssey, all women are diffe rent, but all of them help to represent the role of the ideal woman. Homers epic describes the world of women in Ancient Greece, a time where women were seenRead MoreThe Role Of Women In Homers Odyssey1165 Words   |  5 Pages The Role of Women In The Odyssey In literature, are women used as important roles or only used as love interests and for their beauty? This question has been around for a long time and there is still no clear answer. One literary example is the women characters in Homer’s The Odyssey- the ancient Greek epic of Odysseus and his journey home to Ithaka. When on his journey, Odysseus meets many women who are ultimately used as alluring characters to distract Odysseus on his journey home. ThroughoutRead More Women in Homers The Odyssey Essay627 Words   |  3 PagesHomers The Odyssey Women are important to the plot and overall theme of the Odyssey. In fact, without many of the women there would not be a complex plot to this epic poem. In the narrative and in Greek society women played a variety of roles, as mothers, herons, and many other strong roles yet, they were treated as less significant, and were made to be loyal and submissive to men. The women were required to wait on and sulk for love, as Penelope did for 20 years. In Greek society, the women hadRead MoreEssay about The Women of Homer’s Odyssey1336 Words   |  6 PagesThe Women of Homer’s Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚   Homer’s Odyssey, by, is typically seen as a male dominated poem: the hero is male and the majority of the characters are male.   We follow the men on their attempt to return to Ithaca.   However, even though women are not the main characters, they are omnipresent through much of the story.   Women play a very important role in the movement of the story line: they all want to marry, help or hurt Odysseus.   During the course of his journey, Odysseus meets three differentRead More Powerful Women of Homers Odyssey Essay516 Words   |  3 Pages The Powerful Women of Homers Odyssey nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Homers Odyssey depicts women as strong subjects-they are real substantive characters. Women in this poem are tough, strong-willed and are treated with the respect and seriousness they deserve.nbsp; Homer characterizes the women in his poem as the real counterparts of men-they have real feelings, real plans and are able to accomplish them on their own. nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Read More The Role of Women in Homers The Odyssey Essay695 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of Women in Homers The Odyssey Women form an important part of the folk epic, written by Homer, The Odyssey. Within the story there are three basic types of women: the goddess, the seductress, and the good hostess/wife. Each role adds a different element and is essential to the telling of the story. The role of the goddess is one of a supernatural being, but more importantly one in a position to pity and help mortals. Athena, the goddess of wisdom,Read More The Cunning and Deceitful Women of Homer’s Odyssey Essay1483 Words   |  6 Pages The Cunning and Deceitful Women of Homer’s Odyssey One of the most famous works from the early Greek era is Homer’s Odyssey. It details the journey home of a war hero, Odysseus. His homecoming entails many adventures, each presented as a separate episode that he must overcome. Though the varied episodes differ in terms of characters and settings, most are based on similar patterns of plot and theme. The themes that are most emphasized are forgetfulness, a willingness to risk pain for pleasureRead More Comparing the Deceitful Women of Homers Odyssey and the Bible1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe Deceitful Women of Homers Odyssey and the Bible Across all barriers, women have always brought pain, suffering, and aguish to the men as demonstrated in both Homers Odyssey and the Bible. With their beauty and grace, temptresses like the Sirens and Delilah lure men into their grasps, only to later steer them to their ruin. Other times, they use their cunning abilities and deception, as Circe and Jezebel did, in order to entice men into doing things that they normally would neverRead MoreEssay about Portrayal of Women in Homers Odyssey719 Words   |  3 PagesThe Portrayal of Women in  Homers Odyssey In the first section of Odyssey, mortal women are presented to us as controlled by the stereotypes and expectations of the culture of the day, and it is only within that context that we can consider the examples Homer provides of women to be admired or despised. He provides us with clear contrasts, between Penelope and Eurycleia on the one hand, and Helen and Clytemnaestra on the other. In Penelope’s case, it is made clear that her freedom of actionRead More The Role of Men and Women in Homers The Odyssey 1173 Words   |  5 PagesWho is the ideal Greek man? It can be argued that through the illustration Homer weaves throughout the Odyssey, Odysseuss character traits cast a lens as a prime example of a man in ancient Greek society. He appears to be brave, intelligent, well-spoken, and clever. Much of his knowledge is discovered by his travels, absorbing the local culture around him and using it as a guide. Aristocratic and a warrior. Perhaps the best warrior of all time. It is the Iliad which presents these attributes initially

Nazi and Vatican WWII Relations Free Essays

Primary Facts Holy See/ Vatican (seat of the Roman Catholic Church) and   Germany forged relations in July 20, 1933 known as the Concordat of the Reich Concordat. Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (who later became Pope Pius XII in 1939) and Germany’s Vice Chancellor Franz Von Papen were the Instrumental figures in the agreement. Witnessed by Msgr. We will write a custom essay sample on Nazi and Vatican WWII Relations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Giovanni Montini (later became Pope Paul VI) and Ludwig Kaas (leader of Germany’s Catholic Center Party). Pope Pius XI and Hitler approved the Concordat but were not in attendance. Prior to this Concordat, the Catholic bishops were active in denouncing Nazism. 1. Prior to WWII Original reasons for the concordat (Vatican) Generous financial assistance to German Catholic Schools(Alvarez and Graham) Prior Concordat treaties were made with other nations like Bavaria in 1925; Prussia in 1929; and Baden in 1932 Autonomy of ecclesiastical institutions and their activities (Alvarez and Graham: 1997: 3) Establish better footing in Protestant-controlled Germany Prevent the spread of communism using Nazism as a bulwark Joint Agreement with the Nazi party for the Church’s protection Other vested interests Original Reason for the Concordat (Germany) To silence the Catholic bishops’ persistent denouncing on the spread of Nazism. Gain the church’s approval and international recognition Establish the trustworthiness and reliability of the Nazi regime. Ensure the rise of Nazism, unopposed Soften the Catholic Church’s opposition to socialism by relying on the power of the pope over the congregation based on the Canon law. Establish power over the German churches. Endorse the Nazi ideology on divided German priests Other vested interests Negative Effects of the Concordat on the Roman Catholic Church Hitler established in 1935 a Ministry of Church Affairs to oversee church movements and placed churches under administrative control. Nazism was actively taught in schools which included â€Å"a salute† to Nazi officers. Anti-Semitism was fanned as Jewish-hate propaganda was endorsed by the Nazi regime. German priests were taught that Nazism reasserts the values of religion. Religious activities were barred outside places of worship. Authority of the Roman Catholic Church was questioned Reduction of vocations to the priesthood by encouraging men to marry Increasing hostility as Hitler decided not to honor the pact. Notes: Pope Pius XI started condemning the Nazi party but died shortly before he could deliver a blunt message to the public in 1939. Barely a month after, Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli assumed the papacy as Pope Pius XII as the wartime pope. War broke out in September of the same year. There are rumors presented by Cardinal Tisserant that Pope Pius XI was murdered a few hours before he was to deliver a message condemning Germany. 2.   During the War The Vatican Ended Pius XI’s ban on Action Francaise which is an anti-Semitic organization Denied knowledge on reported atrocities committed by the Nazi party against Jews. Conciliatory policy of silence despite reports from bishops and other foreign dignitaries. Did not denounce the humanitarian problem of the Jews and other marginalized sectors in Europe. Refused to acknowledge any knowledge of the crimes against humanity. Never excommunicated Hitler. Remain mum and allowed genocide of the Jews. Reasons for upholding the Concordat and silence despite Germany ignoring it Pressured into silence by Germany’s privileged information gathering on the Vatican Believed that Nazism could work against communist movement Germany questioned the neutrality of the Vatican Fear of offending Germany and loosing support. Protection of the church properties and interest during the war Protection of assets and interests Veiled endorsement of anti-Semitism Results: Hitler’s refusal to honor the terms in the Concordat allowed the worst genocide in the history of mankind among Jews and other marginalized sectors in Europe. Properties were looted, women and children subjected to punishment and executions along with men. Treatment of men like common criminals or animals without legal consequences; mass murders of Jews with the supreme effort to eradicate their bloodline.                How to cite Nazi and Vatican WWII Relations, Essay examples

Characteristics Of Therapeutic Nursing Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Characteristics Of Therapeutic Nursing. Answer: Introduction Caring is viewed as crucial in nursing and creates with the restorative relationship with human services settings (Stanfield, 1991). In such manner, a restorative medical attendant customer relationship which advances customer' wellbeing and prosperity (Adams, 2016). Nursing is respected one of the key parts in human services since medical attendants have higher probabilities of affecting patient care through remedial relationships with the patients (Michael, 2015). The connection dispatches amongst medical attendants and the patients expand on trust, compassion, and regard. The helpful medical caretaker customer relationship gives the basis to the nursing hone and the capacity to convey sheltered, solid and fitting consideration (Potter, Peny, Stockert and Hall, 2016). The capacity of nurse to establish restorative connection ships with their patients upgrades their capacity to fuse mind that depends on the patient's requirements and inclinations. Subsequently, the medical caretaker s are relied upon to have the correct aptitudes and capacities to establish the restorative connection transports and advance the nature of care given keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish positive outcomes (James, et al 2014).The relationship depends on enhancing correspondence, helping the customers with various issue s, helping the customers in tending to pointless practices and advancing selt mind (Rhodes, Morri s and Lazenby, 2011). The medical caretaker's remedial associations with the customers contrast from the standard personal connection dispatch since it depends on augmenting the attendant's capacity to help the patients. Helpful nursing is considered basic since it advances the capacity of medical attendants to help with enhancing the customer's partici pation in their wellbeing and additionally advancing a high level of progress in the practices (Sherwood, 2012). Characteristics of therapeutic nursing As indicated by Potter, Peny, Stockert and Hall (2016), helpful nursing is basic 111 guaranteeing positive results in the general human services administrations since it depends on helping customers to accomplish self-mind or deal with their wellbeing conditions. It depends on building up a bond with the patients since the medical attendants have higher affinity of impacting patient care and also understanding their needs so as to convey administrations that advance positive results (Gilissen et al., 2016). Remedial nursing has a few key characte1istics which advance positive results and better associations with the patients. The first key characteristic of therapeutic nursing includes the improved communication which serves as the core of the practice between the nurses and the patients. The correspondence is basic in helpful nursing since it gives the medical attendants a chance to comprehend the patient needs and inclinations (Arslan-zkan et al., 2014). It additionally gives a chance to enhance the nature of social insurance administrations furnished with a superior comprehension of the patient's needs. In this way it guarantees the medicinal services administrations is tolerant focused. The correspondence between the patients and the medical attendants is likewise powerful in tending to the normal upsetting thought and sentiments experienced by the patients principally individuals encountering interminable conditions (Nguyen, et al 2014). The correspondence guarantees that the nursing rehearse considers the patient's emotions and gives mind that depends on enhancing the results (Basto et al., 2010). Correspondence trademark in helpful nursing additionally gives basic apparatuses to the development and support of the connections between the medical attendants and the patients. In such manner, it gives a chance to comprehend or distinguish the other critical thinking ways to deal with the necessities recognized among patients (Huber, 2013). Correspondence facilitate prom pts new adapting abilities among the patients and additionally promising behavioral change since it sets up trust betveen the medical caretakers and the patients. In that capacity, it offers the medical attendants with a key oppo1tunity to shape the patient's practices and decide the results which make nursing one of the key parts in social insurance. As indicated by Kelley, Kraft-Todd, Schapira, Kossowsky and Riess (2014), correspondence is focused on tending to the customer needs as opposed to the attendants needs; hence elevates the odds to investigate potential arrangements and usage strategies. The enhanced c orrespondence between the patients and the medical caretaker advances the odds of enhancing trust in the nursing hone and is likewise fixated on other key thoughts, for example, undivided attention and in addition trustworthiness (Vanlaere and Gastmans, 2011). The second key characteristics of helpful nursing include inborn human pride which introduces the possibility of delive1ing equivalent social insurance administrations to all patients no matter what and exhibiting concem for human poise also termed as empathy. Restorative nursing advances human nobility in the way patients get mind. As indicated by Fisher (2011) helpful nursing guarantees the nursing tend to patients and ensu res the attendants are touchy and have uplifting states of mind towards the patients with a specific end goal to advance positive results. Henceforth, the medical caretakers advance positive results among the patients by guaranteeing they regard, support and ensure the nobility of the patients in spite of their experiences (Bramley and Matiti, 2014). The patient's poise is frequently influenced by an assortment of elements in medicinal services settings, for example, culture, incapacity or nationality (Gkantaras, et al 2016). In any case, restorative nursing gua rantees the delive1y of medicinal services se1vices that depend on good stature which implies their feeling of uprightness and regard for the patients. Regard se1ves as the reason for guaranteeing characteristic human nobility since it advances the odds of perceiving the patients uniq ueness paying little respect to their financial status, nature of the medical problem and individual properties (Rhodes, Morris and Lazenby, 2011). The third key characteristics for helpful nursing includes self awareness which depends more on the medical attendant's expert skill or learning to address the patient needs. Scholarly engagement additionally identifies with the possibility of steady research and familiarity with assorted medicinal services issues and additionally the suitable reactions (Gkantaras, et al 2016). It additionally includes being acquainted with the nursing qualities and hypotheses that support the care given to patients. The viewpoint exhibits the thought that the conveyance of care by the medical caretakers to the patients is impacted by the attendant's scholarly engagement or steady research on the best way to deal with address patients needs. The scholarly engagement viewpoint additionally advances the odds of the medical caretakers receiving clinical thinking and basic leadership and enhanced nursing finding. In addition, it supports the nu rse's joint effort with other human services experts to give suitable intercessions and observing of the patient's issue. Scholarly engagement guarantees the medical attendants consolidate their insight and aptitude while tending to various patient issues therefore diminishing the odds of negative results (Rhodes, Morris and Lazenby, 2011). The fourth key characteistics for helpful nursing includes sheltered and therapeutic physical condition which is basic to the patient's security and recuperating. Remedial nursing has the center target of advancing the patient's wellbeing through various means. Subsequently, they are required to guarantee the earth is free from potential destructive elements, for example, elusive stream, congested wards, wellsprings of disease and defiled materials. As indicated by research by Yarbro, Wujcik and Gobel (2011), clinic gained contaminations is one of the key issues influencing social insurance organizations today dominant part of which are preventable. Henceforth, remedial nursing is fixated on guaranteeing the patients have safe conditions that diminish the dangers of other related medical issues. The medical caretakers perfonn the capacity in view of the understanding that the patient's life or care is subject to their administrations recommending that they have poise for the patients (Blais, 2015). The nursing hone condition is likewise anticipated that would be helpful which is a key part of restorative nursing so as to advance the patients rela,- xation and guarantee a superior recuperation. Medical attendants accomplish the part by working cooperatively with different experts, for example, draftsmen to guarantee the mending impacts viewpoints are augmented (Bramley and Matiti, 2014). For instance, enhanced lighting or workmanship in pediatric wards. Also, the medical attendants help in lessening clamor contamination and precise visits to the patients which improve the security of the patients and advances positive results. The fifth key chracteristics incorporates philanthropy which is portrayed by the medical attendant's humor or show of affection for their calling which impacts the nature of care they provide for the patients. The trademark is additionally basic in setting up solid associations with the patients and additionally picking up their trnst and the capacity to impact their practices. The idea is regularly connected with gifted nursing or scholarly engagement and advances a superior shot for the medical caretaker to comprehend the patient needs and inclinations (Blais, 2015). The medical attendants express their affection for the patients and self-concern which advances the odds giving fair-minded care and bona fide sympathy to the patients. In any case, the qualities depend on the internal life or the individual feelings of the medical attendants which show the thought that they differ between people. Be that as it may, the philanthropy trademark depends on a few key qualities among the me dical attendants, for example, sympathy, generosity, satisfaction and serenity and in addition compassion which are innate in forming the patient's recuperation (Basto et al., 2010). Conclusion Implementing the above mentioned skills promotes the chances of achieving value in therapeutic nursing care which are characterized by improved patient recovery and behavioral changes. The aptitudes can be actualized through building up key strategies inside human services settings which decide the nature of administrations given by the attendants. Plus, the nursing proficient or principles associations can set up the desires of the nursing part which helps in guaranteeing a promise to remedial nursing care (Tashiro et al. , 2013). Moreover, preparing and improvement program s inside instruction establishment ought to impart the abilities among the medical caretakers while in their preparation programs which guarantee they gain the aptitudes before working in medicinal services organizations (Fisher, 2011). Plus, medicinal services establishments can likewise put resources into consistent preparing of its work force to enhance their remedial care abilities keeping in mind the end goa l to accomplish the most extreme esteem. Furthermore, building up positive human services establishments that suppo1t comprehensive care can help in advancing the positive viewpoints related with remedial care. For instance, a human services association ought to have ways to deal with persuade the medical caretakers, great attendant patient proportion and the accessibility of the necessa1y assets to accomplish quality social insurance. The medical caretakers additionally have a key part in the execution procedure by setting aside an opportunity to sustain their outward and internal lives through constructive wellbeing hones, unwinding , and activities, social communication, consistent time of rest and individual connections. The angle advances the odds of the attendants adjusting their own and expert lives and additionally conveying care that is tolerant focused along these lines better odds of positive results. Definitively, the accomplishment of social insurance administrations depends on remedial nursing care since it advances positive values and conveys mind that addresses the patient needs and in addition upgrading the patient's trust in medicinal services administrations suppliers. References Adams, L. (2016). The Conundrum of Caring in Nursing, International Journal of Caring Sciences, 9 (1). Arslan-zkan, ?., Okumu?, H. and Bulduko?lu, K. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of the effects of nursing care based on Watson's Theory of Human Caring on distress, self-efficacy and adjustment in infertile women, Journal of advanced nursing, 70(8), pp.1801-1812. Basto, M. L., Jose, H., Gomes, I., Potra, T., Diogo, P., Reis, A. (2010). Therapeutic Blais, K. (2015). Professional Nursing Practice: Concepts And Perspectives, Pearson. Bramley, L. and Matiti, M. (2014). How does it really feel to be in my shoes? Patients' experiences of compassion within nursing care and their perceptions of developing compassionate nurses, Journal of clinical nursing, 23(19-20), pp.2790-2799. Fisher, J. E. M. (2011). The therapeutic role of the mental health nurse: implications for the practice of psychological therapies. Gilissen, J., Pivodic, L., Smets, T., Gastmans, C., Vander Stichele, R., Deliens, L. and Van den Block, L. ( 2016). Preconditions for successful advance care planning in nursing homes: A systematic review, International Journal of Nursing Studies. Gkantaras, I., Mahfoud, Z.R., Foreman, B., Thompson, D.R., Cannaby, A.M., Deshpande, D.H., Watson, R., Topping, A. and Gray, R. (2016). The effect of Nurse GraduaTeness on patient mortality: a cross?sectional survey (the NuGaT study), Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(12), pp.3034-3044. Huber, D. (2013). Leadership And Nursing Care Management, Elsevier Health Sciences. James, S.R., Nelson, K. and Ashwill, J. (2014). Nursing Care Of Children: Principles And Practice, Elsevier Health Sciences. Kelley, 1. M., Kraft-Todd, G., Schapira, L., Kossowsk.-y, J., Riess, H. (2014). The influence of the patient-clinician relationshi p on healthcare outcomes: a systematic review and meta- analysis of randomized controlled trials. PloS one, 9( 4), e94207. Knowlden, V. (1998). The communication of caring in nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International. Michael, H. (2015). Caring in Nursing Classics: An Essential Resource edited by Marlaine C. Smith, Marian C. Turkel, and Zane Robinson Wolf, Journal of Hospital Librarianship,15:1, 120-123, DOI: 10.1080/15323269.2015.983801 Nguyen, D., Fernandez, N., Karsenti, T. and Charlin, B. (2014). What is reflection? A conceptual analysis of major definitions and a proposal of a five?component model, Medical education, 48(12), pp.1176-1189. Potter, P.A., Pcny, A. G., Stockert, P., Hall, A. (2016). Fundamentals of Nursing.II Rhodes M. Moiris Lazcnby, L. (2011). Nursing at its best: competent and caring. OJIN: The OnlineJournal of issues in Nursing, 12, I 0. Sherwood, G.D. (2012). MetaSynthesis of Qualitative Analyses of Caring: De?ning a Therapeutic Model of Nursing, Caring in Nursing Classics: An Essential Resource, p.357. Stanfield, M.H. (1991). Watson's caring theory and instrument development. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Tashiro, J., Shimpuku, Y., Naruse, K. and Matsutani, M. (2013). Concept analysis of reflection in nursing professional development, Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 10(2), pp.170-179. Vanlaere, L. and Gastmans, C. (2011). To be is to care: a philosophical-ethical analysis of care with a view from nursing. Vanlaere, L. and Gazstmans, C. (2011). A personalist approach to care ethics, Nursing Ethics, 18(2), pp.161-173. Yarbro, C. II., Wujcik, D., Gobel, B. II. (2011). Cancer nursing: Principles and practic e.

Ethics Description Essays - Social Philosophy, Ethics, Axiology

Ethics Description The resurgence of ethics has been a striking phenomenon in the past decade. Although ethics has always had a role in the healthcare field, only in recent years has it become a subject of intense interest and controversy. In addition to others, this interest has affected a variety of other fields as well, in particular, philosophy, religion, social sciences, and law. Ethics are more than just high quality morals. Using ethical knowledge, attitude, skills, and habits require intellect, and finesse to properly apply them in the professional organizational life. Reasons for increased societal focus on ethics in organizations are many. Insider trading on Wall Street; defense contract scandals, involving private and public sectors; rental car repair overcharges; and resignation of over 100 Reagan administration officials have helped to keep ethical issues in the public eye. What I want to do in this presentation to give you all some valuable information to stimulate your own ethical aspects that you may already have and to upgrade your present ethical intentions. The problem that I would like to focus on here is the current ethical dimension that seems to be present in most of the professional organizations. It seems to me that there are those health care managers that do not even want to think ethically or that they just have a greedy streak that runs through them. Alternatively, there are those that just have a low ethical intensity. To me this reminds me of an issue-contingency matter where there is simply a lack of information on ethical aspects being flowed in their direction. On the other hand, they are simply ignoring, as if wearing blinders, the high standards that they now need to implement into their professional life. Ignoring ethical thinking will only hurt you or your company in the end. If you or someone you know is found to have been unethical in the past, the way people remember that inadequacy- just because it was unethical, it's almost like they are criminals or pure violators. They seem like violators to their peers simply because the standards and the criteria of ethics are being upgraded in society. Healthcare professionals exercise considerable influence and power over the lives of patients, subordinates, and colleagues- often in routine and subtle ways. Executives can set the schedule that favors some and not others ... double-check procedures or not check them at all... emphasize harmony in the office or tolerate impersonal squabbles ... pass on training information or forget to do so... greet patients with honor and respect or hardly acknowledge them ... intimidate subordinates or encourage them. Because such routine actions are a daily part of healthcare delivery, the ethical dimension of ordinary professional life must be explored. Healthcare ethics must probe the ethical significance of seemingly inconsequential situations and help healthcare professionals use their power responsibly within the contexts of their daily tasks. (5) The abuse of power is just as prevalent in healthcare organizations as mush as in other types of organizations. Patients and their families are exceptionally vulnerable in a time of crisis. They are apprehensive, sometimes frightened, and often intimidated by the organization's sheer physical size and bureaucratic complexity. Similar problems can occur when managers who have significant authority do not use it for the good of the organization and those it serves. Employees under their supervision can be compromised by their misuse of power, adversely affecting both morale and productivity. Like patients and their families, employees may feel helpless and hesitant to object to such behavior. Examples of abuse of power include rudeness, profane language, promise breaking, deception, dishonesty, and sexual harassment. Less obvious forms of abuse of power tend to be subtle and therefore more insidious; these include arrogance, use of overly confusing jargon, and withholding of information. (3) Management and medical staff sometimes rationalize this sort of unprofessional conduct because they view it as unintentional and non-malicious. However, in addition to compromising its immediate victims, tolerating such behavior has several negative long- term consequences, such as encouraging the individual to continue this conduct, silently condoning the behavior and suggesting to others that they can behave in a similar manner with impunity demoralizing those who become aware of the organizations' tolerance, and adversely affecting the image and reputation of the organization. Power. The actual influence, or power, that healthcare professionals have in their position is an important reality. Because the actions of a healthcare executive affect other people, they must see clearly the influence of power that they exercise and monitor the effect it has on patients, subordinates, and peers. Most of this

Submissions and Submittals

Submissions and Submittals Submissions and Submittals Submissions and Submittals By Maeve Maddox Scott asks: Would you comment on the differences in the nouns submittal and submission to denote a document submitted to someone or, perhaps, uploaded to a website? Â  Which is better and under what circumstances? The major sources, Strunk and White, Chicago, for example, dont mention them. Â  I prefer the concrete submittal because the word submission has so many other meanings, but Im having a hard time proving it. The OED has a very meagre entry for the word submittal: The act of submitting. It offers a single example, from an American source dated 1888 that refers to a letter of submittal. Merriam-Webster gives the word the same short shrift: an act of submitting. In legal use submission has four possible meanings: agreement to abide by a decision or to obey an authority reference to the decision or judgement of a (third) party the referring of a matter to arbitration a theory of a case put forward by an advocate And, of course, submission can mean the action of submitting to a conquering power. In its well-established general sense, submission means the act of submitting a matter to a person for decision or consideration. Although absent from the two dictionaries cited above, the word submittal does enjoy a specialized use among architects and construction managers. Answers.com offers these definitions: Submittals in Construction Management are shop drawings, material data, and samples. Product data submittals, samples, and shop drawings are required primarily for the architect and engineer to verify that the correct products will be installed on the project. Architecture: materials such as samples or manufacturers’ data that are submitted to the architect for approval; usually a requirement of the contract documents. The readers objection to the use of submission is that it has so many other meanings. This is not a very strong basis for objection. A great many of the words we use have many meanings. English speakers are used to rolling with the punches. For example, no one is going to misinterpret the meanings of the following sentences: Caesar sought the submission of the Gauls. My novel submission has been accepted by Harper-Collins. Context is all. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About Numbers3 Types of HeadingsWhile vs. Whilst

Financial Aid Appeal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Aid Appeal - Essay Example g County of Washington and as a newly-hired employee, had obviously less seniority in terms of working schedules and other benefits which had greatly adversely affected my studies too. Despite the said difficulties I experienced, I will now endeavor to the best of my ability to raise my GPA level by focusing on my studies once more, taking the required medications to mitigate my attention-deficit problem caused by ADHD and improving my study habits with the stability in my work schedule with the King County since I had already gained some seniority. I expect great improvements in my grades since the three problems cited earlier are now gone. The past events in my life had caused all the distractions but now I am free to re-focus on my studies once again and I sincerely believe I can do this well considering all my innate capabilities. I once again sincerely appeal to the committee members to reconsider their earlier decision since getting financial aid is crucial to my life plan to obtain a good college education and in fact, to my entire future. I will concentrate solely on my studies and promise to raise my GPA to the required level by doing away with unnecessary extra-curricular activities. I have attached my doctors certification for the ADHD and the drug prescriptions for your perusal and evaluation. Additionally, also attached is a certification from King County regarding my new work schedules which are now more stable compared to the one before. Please also find attached my fathers death certificate issued by the hospital where he died from cancer. I can submit other documents if required. Hoping for your kind and favorable decision on a matter that affects my life, my family and my future. This is my one in a lifetime chance to prove

Pop Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pop Culture - Essay Example She normally lights a spark in people that grows into a flame. That flame then reaches out and lights up another. It is pop starts like her who directly affect the hearts and mind of fans. In effect, those fans display their love by backing up the music, contributing to causes touted by that celebrity. Regularly, a fan understands more about what happening in the world since they heard it from their favorite pop star rather watching the evening news. They give and take relationship becomes consecrated to the fans, and precious to the pop start. Britney Spears is most understandable examples of mind control in the entertainment industry (â€Å"Britney Spears’ 30 Most Outrageous Outfits† 1). Since she exploded into the music industry in 1998, Britney Spears has turned to be a pro at turning heads on red carpets, in addition to concert platforms. Whether she was dressed up for an awards event, or dolled up for Starbucks run, what Britney was donning became nearly ass celebrated and assessed as the hits she sang. Whereas we wait to see what outstanding garments brings out the closest during the promotion of her subsequent album. Britney normally looks very pretty and stylish in her outstanding outfits. Britney Spears has courageous fashion decisions that leave most people delighted at the sight of her outfits. Britney Spears also takes his time to gesture at his fans, recognize them and reassure herself that in spite of the situations, she is still beloved and that fans have not neglected him. Her gesticulation is normally spontaneous and typical (â€Å"Britney Spears† 1-2) Pop queen Britney Spears is known to wear famous brands, such as Diesel, Louis Vuitton, Dolce&Gabbana, etc†¦ She does not like to be seen wearing, in what some people would think is, ‘’normal clothing’’. As a pop queen, her expectations are way high up in the sky. She has a huge ego, and her self-esteem is up.

Case assignment Rising Cost of Prescription Drugs and its affect on Essay

Case assignment Rising Cost of Prescription Drugs and its affect on MEDICARE - Essay Example In order for pharmaceutical companies to lower prices they must take a totally different view to how profits are made and how future research and development can occur. Currently they take the approach that they have a twenty year patent in which to research, develop, market, and profit from a new drug. After this time generic manufacturers can legally sell their products and compete for customers. The companies that develop these drugs need to cover their costs and continue developing new drugs. Their profit schemes have worked so far, but times have changed. Big name pharmaceutical companies may be forced to change their pricing policies for one simple reason—competition of generics from developing nations, such as India and China, that deliver effective, cheap drugs. Reverse engineering of name brands and marketing of these generic drugs is projected to make these new players majorly influential in the drug market in years to come. According to Johnson (2009) â€Å"†¦ inclusion of noninfectious diseases, such as cancer, diabetes and heart disease, into this little- or no-profit scenario could undermine innovation for chronic diseases,† (Drug Industry’s Doomsday Scenario section, para. 3). The ugly truth is that the expensive process of researching and developing new drugs may force giant pharmaceutical companies to either delay research and development or take the risky avenue of trying to sell cheaper drugs for long term profits, neither appeals to them. With patents on existing drugs running out, generic bra nds are well positioned to seize as much market share as possible. It is only a matter of time before these emerging giants can acquire a profit majority and then break into the research and development arena as well. Demand for a product usually raises prices, and the market for medications is no different. According to Walsh (1999) â€Å"†¦the pricing of newly

Developing Leadership in Advanced Practice Nursing (APN)

Developing Leadership in Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) Community Group Meeting Observation Health Planning and Policy Development: Leadership Issues Jinyi Kim Hypertension is a major public health problem among Korean population. According to a survey of Korean Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention in 2012, almost 30% of adult Koreans have hypertension. In addition, a stroke triggered by hypertension is one of leading causes of death in Korean population. When I worked as a staff nurse at coronary care unit (CCU) in Korea, I saw a lot of patient suffering with severe cardiovascular disease triggered by poorly controlled hypertension. A study by Kim (2009) indicates that hypertension contributed nearly 70% of deaths from all cardiovascular disease in Korean. Many studies argue that blood pressure is related with life styles of exercise, diet, drinking, and smoking. In general, healthy food consumption for preventing hypertension included vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. However, Koreans dietary patterns differ from other culture, the specific hypertension dietary guideline is necessary. I attended a community group meeting about hypertension prevention program focusing on Korean community in New York. The Korean Community Services (KCS) bring issues to light of heart disease and hypertension within Korean population in New York. This community group is established in 1973 as the first community-based social service organization focusing on the Korean population in New York. The group is a voluntary, nonprofit community service agency with the objective to develop and deliver a wide scope of community service programs to meet the various needs of the community. In order to accomplish these goals, KCS provides various professional community service programs in the areas of Aging, Community, Workforce Development, and Public Health. This group serves over a thousand people day by day with the assistance of 10 board members, over 50 staff, and about 100 volunteers who are all working to improve Korean community around the New York area. These staff members comprise of d octors, nurses, and social workers. Leadership which is a core competency of advanced practice nursing (APN) has been defined as moving a group of persons toward a common goal (Hamric, Hanson, Tracym, O’Grady 2013). In the community meeting, the official leadership is given to the director of public health and research department at KCS who started this group meeting and the type of team leadership is transformational leadership. According to Hamric et al (2013), the transformational leadership is pointed at change because the leader has a vision or mission to achieve certain goals. In order to reach those objectives the assistance of others is needed. Such leaders energize and motivate their supporters to accomplish their goals, share their visions, and embrace empowerment (Hamric et al., 2013). In the meeting, the leader determined the vision of the community program and others group members agreed in the value of the leader’s goals. The agenda consists of short term goals, long term goals, and strategies in this meeting. The agenda is decided through the meeting with all members of the group members by a show of hands. The key strategies to prevent or manage high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in Korean community, the group working closely with Korean restaurants to offer healthy menu options to their customers, religious associations (e.g. Korean Churches) to improve nutrition of client by serving healthier food during communal meals, and ‘Keep on Track’ program to improve blood pressure control in the Korean community. The goal of this program is to lower mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular disease among Koreans in New York. At this meeting, it is thought that the community group’s vested interesting is faith-based organizations. During the most recent grant period, KCS secured commitments from over 40 churches in Queens to adopt these standards for communal meals they serve. Many studies have been indicated that high blood pressure as ‘silent killer’ that causes problems with the heart and blood vessels, leading to heart attack, aneurysm, atherosclerosis, kidney failure and other complications (Kim, 2009). Therefore, KCS seeks to raise awareness of the danger of the high blood pressure and its complications by implementing policy, system, and environmental approaches in collaboration with community groups such as churches, ethnic markets, health care providers and pharmacists with linguistically and culturally competent, tailored programs. Client can participant in health educational programs and share their idea to improve Korean community and the programs. Responding to community needs for chronic disease prevention and intervention, KCS offers healthy eating projects to encourage the community to make their environment healthier and to adopt health nutrition policies. Nurses have been major impact on this community group as an educator, c ollaborator, and advocator in this group. This group is dedicated to encouraging people who have of are at risk of hypertension to adopt a healthier diet and lifestyle. Traditionally, Koreans enjoy salty food. Therefore, this community group offer less salt project, it is a restaurant initiative project designed to prevent the high blood pressure that is prevalent in the Korean community. It promoted the reduction of sodium used by Korean ethnic restaurants by offering alternative, lower-sodium methods of preparing traditional foods at their venues and raising awareness among the public in general. This group plays a crucial role in the improvement of local, state, national health planning and policy development. Since 2001, KCS sends their representative to collaborative meetings and annually takes part in a trip to Albany, NY, to speak with elected officials to address the educational and health needs of minors and increasing funding for immigrant services such as Community Health Advocate funds, which help Koreans Americans obtain public health insurance, information about hospital billing practices, and more. As a future APN, it is thought that APNs can play a crucial role in helping KCS promote chronic disease prevention and management by educating and advocating patient as primary health care providers. In order to do this appropriately APNs should achieve analytic assessment skills, community skills and cultural competency. An analytic assessment is needed to promote health promotion and prevention with community that is faced with complex challenges (Hamric et al., 2013 ). Communication skills are also needed for the comprehensive and appropriate exchange of information, and mediation skills are needed to counterbalance conflicts caused by individual personality and viewpoint diversity within a group (Hamric et al., 2013). By utilizing this skill, APNs can organize evidence-based programs and can catch the requirements of the community effectively. In addition, the cultural competency is one of aspects of public health nursing. Through this competency, APN can understand the issues within the community accurately without ethical disparities and can enhance their strategies to prevent disease (Hamric et al, 2013). I would seek to be involved in meetings to discuss important issues like chronic disease prevention and reducing health care disparities. It is believed that as one of future APNs, I can become involved in this group though participation in their programs as educator, primary health care provider, and policy maker to achieve the goals of t he community group. In conclusion, the nursing profession should encourage all APNs to be leaders. APNs can define the scope of their leadership influence in an individual patient, group, and society. As a future APN, it is thought that APN can be the leader of this community group. In order to this, graduates are encouraged to seek additional opportunities for leadership development commensurate with their practice setting and associated leadership needs. APNs should continue to involve themselves in contemporary healthcare debates and equip themselves to provide leadership for change. References Hamric, A. B., Hanson, C. M., Tracy, M. F., OGrady, E. T. (2013). Advanced practice nursing: An integrative approach. St, Louis, MI: Elsevier Health Sciences. Kim, Y. O. (2009). Dietary patterns associated with hypertension among Korean males. Nutrition research and practice, 3(2), 162-166. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2009.3.2.162 Korean Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2012). Health Statistics 2012: Korean National Health and Nutrition. Retrieved from http://kostat.go.kr/wnsearch/search.jsp

Liberation of Woman Essay example -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Liberation of Woman      Ã‚   The terms "Liberated Women" and "Women's Liberation" are not necessarily synonymous. In fact, much like the chicken and the egg, one may wonder which came first. While the term "Liberated Women" was probably not a widely used phrase until the height of the women's liberation movement, I maintain that liberated women emerged first. Moreover, it was the liberated women who inspired and initiated the women's liberation movement.    In "The Politics of Housework" Pat Mainardi writes, "Liberated women - very different from women's liberation! The first signals all kids of goodies, to warm the hearts (not to mention other parts) of the most radical men. The other signals - housework" (Bloom 492). As this quote describes, a main theme in the discussion of liberated women is sexual liberation. This theme is explored though the characters of Esther Greenwood in Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar and Brenda Patimkin in Philip Roth's Goodbye, Columbus. Several readings from "Takin' It to the Streets" discuss the politics of the women's liberation movement in terms of housework and class conflict.    Liberated women of the 1960's exercised freedoms that shocked and dismayed their mothers. They wanted the freedom to choose a career over domesticity, the freedom not to be sexually pure, and the freedom to express themselves as individuals. Liberated women wanted to have the choice to wear pants instead of skirts and avoid spending hours on hair and make-up. They did not want the primary purpose of their outward appearance to be simply to attract men. The expression of individual style and personality was key in becoming independent, freethinking women unbounded by the restrictions o... ...are still issues our society is struggling with today.    To conclude, liberated women and the women's liberation movement are two separate, but related, concepts. The concerns of liberated women are more individualized than those of the women's lib movement. Liberated women are more concerned with their own personal identities and independence, whether it's their sexual freedom or freedom from their bras. The women's liberation movement, however, is more about women's collective interests and the actions that can be taken to remove the sexual oppression that denigrates all women.    Works Cited Bloom, Alexander and Wini Breines. "Takin' it to the Streets" A Sixties Reader. New York: Oxford UP, 1995. Plath, Sylvia. The Bell Jar. New York: Bantam Books, 1971. Roth, Philip. Goodbye, Columbus. New York: Vintage International, 1993.   

A street car named desire †How do the play’s settings contribute to its dramatic effect? Essay

* The Kowalski’s flat * It’s surroundings * The wider American Context The play and its author beg the question; how does the absolute appearance of surroundings affect an audience’s compassion to the drama that the play perceptibly emits? The play unquestionably needs dramatic effects to capitalise the story and also to induce and consume an audience. If, without the use of incarcerating dramatic effects from the surroundings and manipulating them into supplying the story’s tension, then it would ultimately not receive the same desirable reaction that is needed to illuminate the play. The depicted ideas of the eminent and radiating title tempts the audience with certain evocative ideas, but are ultimately confronted with a whole new concept of a darker and more dramatic story line. The audience can automatically sense this with the contrast of the title with the melancholy and hoary surroundings of the old corner building, emancipating an ‘atmosphere of decay’, betrayal, self embrace, ugliness and death. This contrast creates a poignant conflict between ideal standards the audience had prepared themselves to see. Whilst the synchronisation between ethnic groups and the humbling sounds of the â€Å"blue piano† are heard in the opening scene, these merely act as a faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade for the troubles that evolve when Blanche Dubois arrives. It anaesthetises the â€Å"cosmopolitan† people’s perceptions whilst masquerading Blanche’s true character. As we can see, the set consists of the Kowalski’s flat. This radiates the dramatic tension emanated from the constriction and the consistency of the close proximity of the characters. However there is a curtain that restrains the utmost confrontations of the characters, but this also forms a dramatic effect because it is so unstable and the fact that it could tear at anytime guarantees a dramatic effect. The beginning scene ends on a dramatic and disconcerting candour as the polka music enhances a tense abrupt period of elusive mourning. Music and interruptions count for most of the dramatic effects as they are the manifestations of drama, in which the audience can hear and feel the fears and grasp it’s connotations through the art of melodies. Music is an important role as it acts as a catalyst for Stanley’s unwarranted tirade. The jazz music that flows from the radio exasperatingly encourages Stanley to expose his domineering wrath. With this we can see that Stanley falls back into the depths of evolution and creates a dramatic tension from the effect of the radio. The small white radio that Stanley hurls out the window is a major theme due to it coinciding with media. It is ironic because unlike the common aspect of media, that holds society and communication together, it is lost through anger. The penetrating sounds of a locomotive strengthen the dramatic effect by indicating a dramatic tension. The locomotive that preposterously, irregularly and yet ingeniously tarnishes the intense situations between exploitations, guaranties a short freedom, rendering the tense situations and the audience and characters unconscious to hear or say anything, involuntarily perfect a contaminated quietude about the area of Elysian Fields and heighten a dramatic tension due to its astounding dramatic effect. Costume also plays an important part in creating dramatic effects through out the play. When the masculine game of poker, a game full of risk, deceit and chances arise, the men wear bright silk bowling shirts which symbolise their uncouth, masculine behaviour. Primary colours symbolises the simplicity of the men’s thoughts and behaviours; illuminating desires, hatred and power. In contrast to this, Blanche wears white; an immaculate costume free from scandal, free from responsibility, guilt and blamed. It is consumed by absurd imitation jewelleries, trying to flaunt what is not there, creating a dramatic effect as everyone can see through this feeble disguise and unavoidably see the facility of her descent. In scene four, the early morning â€Å"confusion of street cries† reflects and increases the ebbing tension, but contrasts with the narcotic serenity that is; a new day. Scene nine is perturbed with precariously high realisations and intense dramatic tensions, due to an ingenious knit work of dramatic effects and story line. There is a critical moment when the audience captures a dramatic tension, when the shouts of an old Mexican woman selling â€Å"Flores† are heard. Blanche capitulates to her â€Å"regrets and recriminations,† telling her rutted tale of sorrow with the old woman expressing her formulaic dispossessions, forming with Blanche, one speech of death. Again, the music that was ostensible throughout the scene gets vociferous with the desperate need of freedom, and the slow, blue tune sets the dramatic effect to a heart rendering misdemeanour.

7 ways to get out of a rut when you hate your job

7 ways to get out of a rut when you hate your job Hate your job? Or just feel stuck? Maybe the problem is you and maybe the problem is the job, but sometimes moving on right away is not an option. If this is your situation, there are ways to make walking through the door of the job you despise  more bearable. So even if you’re just sticking around and biding time until you find something more bearable, here are some strategies to find inspiration in the unlikeliest of places.1. Fix what is in your control.What’s the root of your actual problem/malaise? It is possible to find the root of your work blahs and correct it, thus making your job everything it ought to be? Ask yourself which tasks you like vs. hate, what things challenge you, and what things make you unbelievably bored. You can always try and find a way to shift the balance to the good stuff by taking a little initiative and making a good case to the powers that be.2. Examine yourself to see if the problem lies within.Just for a second, forget all the reason s your job is the problem and ask yourself what’s going on with you. Is this job/company/industry right for you? If not, can you move? How long would the process take? If the problem turns out to be your attitude and not your work life, then you can fix that with a lot less logistical mess.3. Think about the big picture.Zoom out and start thinking about your future. Ask yourself what you really want- a sort of mission statement for your career. Make yourself a declaration of purpose, along with rough sketch of where you want to be in 5 years. Then ask yourself how you can get there. Suck whatever marrow you can from the bone you have in front of you while planning how to get the next one. Find your breakthrough moment- when you realize what you want and how you are going to go about getting it.4. Look at the other grass.Think that career across the lawn looks greener and easier? Take some time to watch someone else work and see a) whether their life is actually much different , and (more importantly) b) whether you can infuse something you learn from watching them work into how your approach your own professional journey. You never know what sort of revolutionary methods you can come up with to jazz up your career.5. Surround yourself with positive people.Bond with colleagues who radiate positivity. When you’re stuck in a rut and hate your job, it can be really easy (and sometimes utterly necessary) to fall into the habit of spending all your time with other complaining coworkers. But if you try to spend some time with the people who aren’t quite so jaded, you might just find your own attitude improves by osmosis.6. Do better.Just because your job isn’t all it’s cracked up to be doesn’t mean that you can phone it in or casually fail at it. Keep improving and see if you can get that extra award or certification, or reach that higher bar in order to make a transition out of there much easier. Take online courses. Take you r company up on professional development programming. Start trying super-hard and see what happens.7. Practice self-care.On bad days when you just can’t stand it anymore, don’t despair. Instead, take a quick walk outside to shake off your bad mood. Go take a coffee- or an ice cream- break somewhere in nature. Whatever you do, don’t let your whole mood and demeanor go sour because of small things. Shake it off and get back to the task at hand- improving your situation or finding a path out.

The mission statement for Audi Essay Example

The mission statement for Audi Essay Example The mission statement for Audi Paper The mission statement for Audi Paper Audi is an internationally renowned manufacturer of high-quality cars.  We aim to establish new standards to substantiate our brand claim of Vorsprung durch technik.  The objective of a business can vary depending on what the business does.  E.g. Oxfams main objective is to raise money and the profit goes directly to helping poverty in third world countries. But an organisation like Audi AG will have there main objective to sell top of the range cars to all sorts of clientele and there profits goes straight back into the company. A mission statement gives an indication of what the purpose of the business and dovetails with the objectives the organisation sets itself.  Business objectives are medium to long-term goals or targets that provide a sense of direction to the business. For example in the case of Audi AG they might have an objective to boost Car sales from 20,000 to 30,000.  Companies may have a number of objectives. In general, the objectives pursued by a business tend to vary according to its size, ownership and legal structure. Small business are more likely to have survival as there main objective as they tend to lack the financial recourses to cope with adverse trading conditions.  Larger business will have maximising there profits as there main objectives, especially if they are a plc [public limited company] because they will have shareholders breathing down there neck wanting the highest possible return. These objectives will reflect purpose of the business as expressed in the mission statement and they have a considerable impact on the way in which it operates.Culture describes the values and beliefs of the people who make up an organisation. An organisations culture will be displayed in the attitudes of its staff and the ways in which they interact with other people such as customers, suppliers an colleagues. It will also be shown by the way that decisions are taken and in the management style used throughout the organisation. Role culture.  Many business have traditionally operated in a bureaucratic manner, relying upon agreed procedures and strict hierarchy and roles within the organisation.  Within these traditional or role cultures, employees are expected to behave conventionally. They are expected to follow the rules- individualism is discouraged.  Audi Ag are based on using this organisational culture. It benefits the larger companies such as Audi were there is a strict hierarchy as the table below shows. Person-oriented culture.  A person-oriented culture is characterised by a focus on fulfilling the needs of the individuals within an organisation. It allows individuals freedom to shape theire jobs and operate with a degree of independence.  It is therefore appropriate when employees are highly skilled and motivated. This type of culture may exist within organisations such as firms of accountants and solicitors. Power culture.  Power culture places considerable emphasis on personal charisma and  risk-taking. It disregards procedures and values entrepreneurship. This type of culture Is most common in small business, where a ingle person can have an overview of the entire organisation.  From this table we can see that roles are spread out so managers can concentrate on there specific job roles instead of putting a half hearted attempt in to there job because of the heavy work load.

Little Miss Sunshine as Example of American Independent Cinema Essay

Little Miss Sunshine as Example of American Independent Cinema - Essay Example This enables studios to 'test' more experimental films, taking the more successful of these to greater box office success without risking the reputation of the major sponsoring house. Film expert Bruce Kawin (1992) suggests that the term 'independent' has been used to refer to a wide variety of different types of film. There are those producers who are completely independent from the major studios, creating their films on their own and then selling studios distribution rights and those who create films on home video cameras and attempt to distribute or not on their own, both generally supportive of mainstream social power structures. While these are technically independent films, Kawin and others prefer using the term independent film to refer to producers who work outside the mainstream in terms of representation or as a means of strongly questioning the status quo and might instead be called the avant-garde. As a form of classification, the term 'independent film' has been applied most frequently to those productions which have an unusual, divergent or 'quirky' character. In attempting to pinpoint the concept of the independent film and its characteristics, some of the more common formal traits of independent films will be identified and then examined as they appear or don't appear within the film Little Miss Sunshine, an independent film that could be argued to represent a form of cross-over event between independent film and mainstream because of its social perspective. ... e common characteristics of independent film in America can include its 'quirky' character, the sense of its message, a sense of innocence and/or irony in this message delivery, unique camera angles creating what might be considered amateur professionalism with carefully orchestrated characters and scenes and a generally lower degree of post-production editing. Thus, independent film can be characterized through its plot, technique, tone and social commentary. By 'quirky', most film experts intend to mean that the film conveys slightly odd renditions of the familiar mainstream tropes rather than completely radical swings away from what one might expect. These may take the form of an unusual combination of characters, slightly strange variations of relationships or objects or somewhat different methods of presenting the audio or visual material. What is unique about the 'quirky' is that it is, as James MacDowell claims, "crucially, a comic address that requires we view the fiction as simultaneously absurd and moving, the characters as pathetic and likeable, the world as manifestly artificial and believable" (2010: 4). While the world presented in independent film is strange and different, it is still presented as relatively safe and non-controversial. In keeping with this concept, MacDowell says many independent films will include musical scores that carry connotations of sweet and simple, high in repetition, higher on the musical register and frequently within a waltz time signature as a means of encouraging an association with childhood. A strong connection with the child-like or the innocent is carried throughout the visual presentation as well. However, other experts such as Jeffrey Sconce (2002) claim a strongly ironic or nihilistic approach within the independent

Todays generation gap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Todays generation gap - Essay Example It involves attitude, communication, interaction and respect towards others. Work ethics reveal about the characteristics of a person (AllAboutPhilosophy, â€Å"What are Work Ethics†). The younger generation (ages in between 18 – 29) are radically more diverse than older adults. It has been argued that the older generation is superior than younger generation when it comes to work ethics. The younger generation has a typical reason for feeling idiosyncratic. The reason for their distinctive characteristics is the use of technology. The older generation has upper hand in terms of moral values and respect for others. The younger generation is self-confident but they show little enthusiasm for moral value and respect towards others (Prinsloo, â€Å"Implementation of Life Orientation Programmes in the New Curriculum in South African Schools: Perceptions of Principals and Life Orientation Teachers†). A subsequent study reveals that technology and values are differentia ting the generations. The younger and older generations are different in the way of utilizing computer and work ethics. Majority of people feel that compared to younger generation, the older Americans possess good moral values, work ethics and more admiration towards others. Source: (Keeter & Taylor, â€Å"MILLENNIALS A Portrait of Generation Next†). ... The younger adults are more likely to be single parent and prefer to live with their children. Millennials don’t prefer to live in same household with their children compared to older generation. The younger generation prefers to live in metropolitan areas unlike earlier generation who are likely to live in the rural and urban areas. The family matters most than fame and fortune for today’s younger adults. According to surveys, almost 52% of younger generation declared that one of the important things in their lives is to be a good parent. People between 30 and 45 years of age had similar thinking as today’s younger adults. In the year 1997, about 42% of young people believed that being a good parent was most important than successful marriage. Compared to male, the female younger generation of todays concludes that being a good parent is most important to them (Keeter & Taylor, â€Å"MILLENNIALS A Portrait of Generation Next†). Source: (Keeter & Taylor, à ¢â‚¬Å"MILLENNIALS A Portrait of Generation Next†). The American people between 9 and 18 years of age are noticeably less religious than older generation. About 15% of people prefer to live good religious life. Younger generation attends religious services less than older generation of America and minority of younger people believe that religion is significant in their life. They place more importance to high paying career than religion. According to survey, 15% younger adults stated that to make a successful career is more important in their life. With regard to job switching, the younger generation prefers to switch their job in their career life. The attitude towards business in young generation is much supportive than old

Managerail Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managerail Economics - Research Paper Example Obviously C&D and E&F are smaller than A&B. 2. The cross price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the demand for one good to a change in the price of another good (Mankiw). In the assignment, products A and B are substitutes since the cross-price elasticity is postive, at +3.6. Products C and D with cross price elasticity of 5.4 are also substitutes. When the cross price elasticity is positive,it means that the demand for product 1 increases as the price of the other good increases,threfore they are substitues. MU of prod A/price of prod A = MU of prod B/price of prod B = MU of prod C/price of prod C = MU of prod D/price of prod D = MU savings/price savings, which is equal to 36/$18 = 12/$6 = 8/$4 = 2/$1. The marginal utility divided by the price is equals to 2. 4. What are given: Income from pottery sales = $ 72,000 Costs: Helper = 12,000/ year yield on the $40,000 if invested = $4000/year Rent = 5000/year salary as a potter = $15,000/year Materials = $ 20,000/year Equipment = $40,000 Entrepreneurial Talent = $3000 Acccounting profit (1st year)= $72,000 - 12,000 - 5000 - 20,000 -40,000 = -5000 On the 2nd year if there is no purchase of equipment = $72,000 - 12,000 - 5000 - 20,000 = $35000 Economic profit = $72,000 - 12,000 - 5000 - 20,000 -40,000-3000-4000-15,000 = -$27,000 On the 2nd year if there is no purchase of equipment = $72,000 - 12,000 - 5000 - 20,000 -3000-4000-15,000 = $13000 References http://www.crawfordsworld.com. 23 April 2010 . Mankiw, N. Gregory. Principles of Macroeconomics. 3rd. South-Western College Publishing,

Olaudah Equiano Essay Example for Free

Olaudah Equiano Essay A journal is kept to reminisce on experiences people have gone through, also to share with others in the future. In the two narratives â€Å"from The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano† by Olaudah Equiano and â€Å"from The Journal of the First Voyage to America† by Christopher Columbus are both journals about their life experiences. Equiano and Columbus had different encounters with the people they met, and used different imagery. Likewise, they both wrote for the same purpose. The impressions of the people they met were different. Equiano had a horrible encounter with the slave traders on the ship he was on. He mentioned, â€Å"Every circumstance I met with, served only to render my state more painful, and heightened my apprehensions, and my opinion of the cruelty of the whites. † (p. 45) The white slave traders were cruel and horrible. The whites treated them horribly and had no respect for them. In spite of that, Columbus had a different approach towards the natives he met with on his voyage. â€Å"the natives came down to the shore with their calabashes full, and showed great pleasure in presenting us with it. † (p. 64), unlike the whites, the natives are giving and considerate. I ordered more glass beads to be given them, and they promised to return the next day. â€Å" (p. 64) Columbus and his men developed a relationship with the natives and they got along. In addition, the imagery that Equiano and Columbus used were different. Equiano uses imagery to help visualize the horrible condition that him and the other slaves were in. â€Å"The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole scene of horror almost inconceivable. † (p. 45), Equiano explains the agony they were going through, so much pain that many people felt as if they were dying. On the other hand, Columbus analyzes that â€Å"This island even exceeds the others in beauty and fertility. † (p. 62), which shows his admiration towards the island he was on. Although Equiano and Columbus shared many differences, they both had the same purpose for writing. Equiano wrote about his awful experience while being transported to an island as a slave. The reason for writing about his experience was for people to recognize the horrible condition they were in, and how bad they were being treated by the whites. â€Å"at all events I am determined to proceed on to the continent† (p. 4), Columbus wrote in his journal to pass on his experience he had during his voyage to others and to â€Å"deliver the letters of your highnesses† (p. 64) which he will return answers to the King and Queen back home. In conclusion, Equiano and Columbus both lived an unforgettable experience. They both wrote about it and kept it in a journal. They had different experiences and encounters throughout their voyage. Their main purpose for writing was to share their life experiences with others and also to teach about the unknown and undiscovered.

Essay --

What is Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is brain disorder that makes it hard to see the difference between reality and imagination, have normal emotional responses, and act normal in social situations. Schizophrenia is relatively young, it has only been around for less than 100 years. It was first discovered by Dr. Emile Kraeplin in 1887. He believed it was a mental illness. A few documents take Schizophrenia’s origins back to Egypt during the Pharaoh’s rule around 1550 B.C. People originally thought schizophrenia was simply madness, and usually associated it with madness, even though it is quite different from madness. Symptoms of this disease include Positive symptoms, which are: hallucinations, or things that someone can see, feel, smell, or hear that do not really exist. Many people hear voices inside their heads, see people that are not there, or smell odors no one else smells. Delusions are another symptom, also known as bizarre beliefs, these may include paranoid de lusions also, which are delusions that tell the person that others are trying to hurt them. Thought Disorders are a symptom in which the person thinks unusually or dysfunctionally. Movement disorders may be present in schizophrenic people, they may seem like twitches or small, sharp, and sudden movements. Schizophrenia’s â€Å"negative symptoms† are harder to recognize. These include the flat affect, in which the persons face doesn’t move and the voice is droning. The lack of pleasure in life is another once, along with the lack of ability to start and sustain activities, and little speech. These symptoms prevent or block the person from living a normal life because they cause social, physical, and emotional, and mental problems. This may lead to psychosis, insanity, or ... ...ients that suffer severe symptoms. The most common treatment is a combination of medicine and therapy. Where the patient engages in individual psychotherapy with a therapist, rehabilitation, family education, or self help groups. These therapies usually help people cope with schizophrenia and its effects. At this time there is no cure for schizophrenia, there are very effective treatments and medications. Research is being conducted to help scientists understand the disorder better and is being used to try to treat schizophrenia permanently. The only way this is possible is with the use of new treatments, such as new experimental drugs and electrotherapy. No treatments today are preventative nor do they permanently â€Å"cure† schizophrenia, but we can look to the bright future for the development of a new treatment option that could potentially fully cure schizophrenia.

celeb psychology :: essays research papers

Many people feel a pressure to look a certain way in today’s world. Many also feel overweight, even though they are an average size. Numerous people are deceived by the media that happiness and success follows when a thin body is present. However, what they don’t show on television is how unhealthy, both physically and psychologically, it is to have such an unrealistic image of â€Å"perfection† in their minds. There are so many different aspects when it comes to eating disorders and celebrities. The majority of society may believe that it is nothing more than either not eating at all, or maybe even just the concept of bulimia. Although those are defined as eating disorders, working out obsessively can also be considered an eating disorder. â€Å"The word ‘eating’ in the term "eating disorders" refers not only to a person’s eating habits per se, but also to his/her weight-loss practices and attitudes towards body shape and weightâ €  (www. http://www.notme.org/Articles/eatingDisorders). A disorder results when those attitudes and practices develops an unrealistic perception of body weight and shape, and potentially life-threatening physiological imbalances to name just a few. â€Å"The development of an eating disorder can be caused by several factors, including biological or genetic susceptibility, emotional problems, problems in relationships with friends or family members, personality problems, and societal pressures to be thin† (http://www.notme.org/Articles/eatingDisorders). In terms of psychological aspects, many celebrities today are faced with current and future problems. Despite the fact that they may believe they are doing no harm to themselves by being so thin, there are a lot more things they should be thinking about. â€Å"Eating disorders account for roughly 60% of all celebrities. It’s just their way of life,† says Earl Rodgerts of STAR magazine.

Accounting Standards Essay

INTRODUCTION Accounting Standards are employed to build the application of accounting practice. The actual financial position of the company can not be presented accurately and precisely with adhering to the principles and standards. Due the evolution of time, the concept has changed to suit the needs of the industry and is also continuously to changing to needs. With rapid change and development of wealth, trade and technology, there was a need to account the business transaction due to intricacy involved. Due to the mode of writing and numbers which facilitated the accounting process. It is accountants who helped in the development of economic and commerce by providing valuable services to the community. See more: Satirical essay about drugs HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF ACCOUNTING STANDARD: Pacioli is being considered the father of the Accounting. The first double entry book-keeping was developed around 1200 B.C   in Italy followed by first book on double entry was written by Luca Pacioli in 1494. Due to the advent of Industrial Revolution around 1750, business expanded rapidly which catapulted mass transportation, invention of new products and new markets, development of capital markets and as the result, the role of accountant become inevitable to any industry. As development of trade grows, the need for professional accountants also nurtured in a fast pace. Society of Accountants was established in 1854 in Edinburg which was accorded a royal charter which recognized the profession’s role in the trade and commerce. In U.S, the first such professional society was the American Association of Public Accountants, chartered by the state of New York in 1887. Cost accounting was developed to augment the efficiency in the manufacturing Units. Management Accounting was developed to advise the business to make strategic business decisions. During 20th Century, United States has overtaken the British and become the leading industrial power in the world. The growth of industries like U.S. steel and Standard Oil demanded more classy accounting systems to keep track record of expanding business divisions within these huge business corporations.   As insiders of the industry took advantages by stock manipulations, price fixing and other questionable business practices mainly to derive benefits thereby depriving the interest of gullible investors. All the states of the U.S.A and Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia stipulates through law that an accountant should have specific educational and experience requirements and should passes an qualifying examination and will be granted a title known as Certified Public Accountants. [CPA]. Now, CPA’s have structured in to State and national societies. In United States, American Institute of Certified is the prime body representing accounting profession, which is the contemporary successor organization of the American Association of Public Accountants and the American Accounting Association organized in 1916. In United States , the Financial Accounting Standards Boards [ FASB] , an independent non-governmental organization supported by financial-reporting industry groups , is the nodal institution accountable for establishing accounting standards and rules whereas the International Accounting Standards Boards [ IASB] formulates rules and standards that are recognized and used by many nations. With fast growth of corporate activity, the need for sophisticated accounting methods has increased and accounting has witnessed many improvements in theory and techniques. The ever changing tax laws and regulations is causing change in accounting methods frequently as it is necessary to maintain homogeneous accounts for governmental statutory requirements or public scrutiny. A series of exposures pertaining to accounting firm’s failure to detect or openly challenge irregularities or fraud as in the case of World.com and Enron, when auditing finances of a number of corporations compelled Congress to establish the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board in 2002. Securities and Exchange Commission has been allocated power to appoint the above board to register and regulate accountants and firms to act as auditors. It sets standards for auditing and is responsible for reviewing audits and disciplining accountants and accounting firms.   [1] SIGNIFICANCE OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS: Accounting standards are significant as they guarantee improved public accountability and offer effective and efficient functioning of the trade and commerce of a nation. They play a vital role for complete understanding of political, economical and social consequences of allocation and proper utilization of government resources both at the federal and at the State levels. Improper and bad accounting may lead to serious long term consequences .Accounting standards can be misused to offer misleading information of a business. FREE MARKET APPROACH OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS: It refers to a method applied by private sector wherein creation of an economic market in which business is ruled by the laws of supply and demand and not by the unwanted government interference, subsidy or regulation. Under this accounting standard, voluntary disclosure of activity -based cost data which offers a new approach of functional process and provides more alternatives for decision makers. In a real free market, accounting standards would enhance as corporations and accountants vie to offer the best information to shareholders. In a free market, the aspiration for profit is satisfied by long-range, honest, rational behavior thereby innovating, by employing best employees, by offering quality products and by providing accurate information to investors. Business is required to provide accurate information to investors else it would loose its reputation and credibility in the market. The current FASB is so cumbersome and complex that an ordinary lay man finds it difficult to interpret the same. Most companies in U.S.A now started to follow dual reporting. For instance, AMD and Intel release two sets of accounting reports: one as per FASB guidelines which is mandated by the regulation and other based on simple accounting standards that they deem that it being more informative to shareholders. There are certain existing statues which refuse the shareholders to overthrow existing corrupt or incompetent management. For instance, Anti-hostile takeover legislation which was passed in 1968 has made it complex to replace incompetent management .Arcane regulations passed in 1930 limit the capacity of the financial entities such as insurance companies, pension funds and mutual funds that own major shareholding in corporations to participate in the board for decision taking and for joint deliberations. Hence, the opportunity to safeguard the interest is being denied by arcane regulations. If the U.S government is really interested in the healthy stock market, it should exhibit it by deleting, not adding, regulations and building the market truly free. PRIVATE SECTOR REGULATION OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS Stock Exchange Commission [SEC] supports on an independent, private sector standards –setting process mainly through open and deliberate. Though the commission has the statutory authority to frame accounting principles , it has not do so for the last 60 years .Instead it has assigned the onus to the private sector for leadership in establishing and enhancing the accounting standards. It is the private sector standards-setting process, as supervised by the SEC has resulted in existence of a quality accounting standards and strong capital markets in USA as of today. EVOLUTION OF REGULATORY APPROACH: After the end of the First World War in 1919, there was spurt in investment in securities by investors. Around 1920, more than .02 billion large and small shareholders availed the benefits of post-war affluence and ready to avail sudden wealth from stock market and due to boom, more than $ 50 billion worth in new stock was floated during this time. The famous stock market crash in 1929 which was notoriously known as â€Å"Black Friday† resulted in loss of faith by investors on the capital markets. Many investors were turned as pauper over a night. It was observed that if at all economy was to recover, the public’s confidence on capital market required to be refurbished. Congress was forced to find out a solution for this problem and it held many deliberations on the subject and finally passed the â€Å"Securities Act of 1933 â€Å"and the â€Å"Securities Exchange Act† of 1934. The prime goal for the establishment of Securities exchange commission was mainly to enforce the fresh security laws, to build confidence, to provide stability to the market and last but not the least to offer protection to investors. Stock Exchange Commission [SEC] was toothed with mandate to formulate accounting principles and standards. It is to be noted that even though SEC was accorded the power to supervise the accounting practice, SEC is of the opinion that the private sector is having ample resources and ability to build up suitable accounting standards. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants [AICPA] had been in the field since 1887. As a federation of state societies, American Society of Certified Public Accountants was established in 1921 and later merged with the Institute during 1936. Due to persuasion from the SEC, the AICPA appointed the committee on accounting procedure in 1939. Committee on Accounting Procedure [CAP] released about 51 accounting research bulletin between 1939 and 1959. Though, these bulletins were able to solve the problems now and then as they emerged but could not address the issues relating to accounting principles. To resolve the accounting principles issues, AICPA established a new standard setting body in 1959 namely the â€Å"Accounting Principles Board† [APB].The main goal of the APB is to establish appropriate practices, formulate accounting principles and to minimize the discrepancies in practices. Though the APB released about 31 opinions between 1959 and 1973, it was dissolved for absence of productivity. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles [GAAP] are an anthology of conventions, procedures and rules that describe accepted accounting practices. Though it is not accorded as mandatory by any statute, SEC advises that it should be followed in all financial reporting of publicly traded companies. GAAP can thus be explained as a cluster of conventions and objectives that have been developed over time to oversee how financial statements are being prepared and presented. The three nodal authorities’ viz. the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, The Financial Accounting Standards Boards and Exchange Commission offer regulation concerning acceptable accounting practices. The GAAP is founded on four basic assumptions as per the details below: Economic Entity concept- It stresses the business as a separate entity and to segregate income and expenses of business from that of personal. Going concern assumption which assumes that business will carry on for a longer period to validate the methods of capitalization of assets, provision for depreciation and amortization. Monetary unit assumption which fixes US dollar as the monetary unit for accounting purpose Periodicity assumption facilitates recording of business operations and separating into different periods. This is mainly to facilitate for comparison between past and present performance of the business.   FASB’s basic principles are detailed below: Historical Cost Principle- This requires business to account and report on cost of acquisition basis rather than present market value of the assets and liabilities. Financial reports and statements are prepared in accordance with set of rules , procedure and standards for reporting financial information known as the â€Å" Generally Accepted Accounting principles† (GAAP) , as established by the Financial Accounting Standard Board ( FASB). This standard stipulates that a company â€Å"account for all of their assets or economic resources according to their historical cost.† (Horngreen, Stratton & Sundem, p.6) Revenue Recognition principle or accrual basis of accounting requires business to record when the revenue is realized or earned and not when the cash is earned. Matching principle – Expenses has to be matched with the revenues where it is possible Full disclosure principle- Business should offer all the significant information relating to the company though it may not affect company’s financial statements. For instance, Tax disputes, lawsuits, takeover information and possible contingent liabilities of the business are to be disclosed by way of footnotes to the financial reporting. INHERENT DISADVANTAGES OF THE FASB Cost –benefit relation ship: It emphasizes that benefit of offering financial information should also be weighted against cost of providing it. Materiality- It refers to the significance of the item reported and it is to be weighed amount reported will have impact on third party’s decision based on the information provided. The Industry Practice Constraint – Conservative approach stresses that it is better to understate the financial statements rather than overstating it. The after effects of Enron, WorldCom, Inc have forced the Congress to enact Sarbanes Oxley Act in 2002.   The other accounting reforms announced is the creation of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board [PCAOB] to supervise the audits of the Public companies. PACOB has been entrusted with wide authority to regulate the auditing profession. PACOB has been toothed with powers like imposing civil penalty and to impose permanent revocation of an auditing firm’s ability to audit public companies. 8, SWITCHING TO PRINCIPLES BASED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM: There is strong suggestion from various quarters that U.S should abandon the current â€Å"rules-based† system in favor of a â€Å"principles-based accounting†. If that happens, the critics are of the view that all the current difficulties being faced by U.S financial reporting would be alleviated or eliminated. Further section 108 of the Sarbanes –Oxley Act of 202 stipulates that SEC to conduct a study on the adoption of a principle based accounting system. [2] CONCLUSION: Globalization offers both impetus and opportunity and it is time to streamline the FASB guidelines in tune with changing scenario.[3] It is to be noted that FASB has recently issued special report on Leases thereby implementing a new approach, is recognition of the need to review existing standards. Hence it is necessary not only to review its leases guidelines but for all current standards. The current FASB is high technical and complex in nature and may not help the investing public to understand the same without the guidance of professionals on the subject. When most of the countries around the globe have switched from complex to simpler guidelines, U.S can also follow them. In setting standards on national or global basis, technical correctness is regarded as less important than the comparability among reporting entities. Globalization in commerce here has become the order of the day and U.S accounting standards must reflect true global interests. Sticking to technically sound accounting standards would not help to develop acceptable, meaningful international standards. FASB should take avail this opportunity to update and even change the standards. The accounting profession and accounting standard setters should unite together in their effort to assure simpler, more beneficial and easy to understand U.S and worldwide accounting standard. BIBILIOGRAPHY Van Riper, R. 1994, Setting Standards for Financial Reporting: FASB and the Struggle for Control of a Critical Process. CT: Quorum Books. Westport. Hartgraves, A. L., & Benston, G. J. 2002, â€Å"The Evolving Accounting Standards for Special Purpose Entities and Consolidations†. Accounting Horizons, 16(3), 245+. Barker, Richard, 2004, â€Å"Reporting Financial Performance.† Accounting Horizons 18, no. 2 157+. Bekesford, Dennis R. 1999,†It’s Time to Simplify Accounting Standards.† Journal of Accountancy 187, no. 3: 65. Beresford, Dennis R. 2001,†Congress Looks at Accounting for Business Combinations.† Accounting Horizons 15, no. 1: 73. Derieux, Samuel A. 2000,†Let’s Reassess Accounting Standards.† Journal of Accountancy 189, no. 5: 82. Dye, Ronald A., and Shyam Sunder. 2001,†Why Not Allow FASB and IASB Standards to Compete in the U.S.?† Accounting Horizons 15, no. 3: 257. 1992,†The Financial Accounting Standards Board.† Journal of Accountancy 173, no. 6: 4. Fleming, Peter D. 1991,†The Growing Importance of International Accounting Standards; Arthur R. Wyatt, Chairman of the International Accounting Standards Committee Heralds International Harmonization.† Journal of Accountancy 172, no. 3 100+. Gornik-Tomaszewski, Sylwia, and Irene N. McCarthy. 2003,†Cooperation between FASB and IASB to Achieve Convergence of Accounting Standards.† Review of Business 24, no. 2: 52+. Hartgraves, Ai L., and George J. Benston. 2002, â€Å"The Evolving Accounting Standards for Special Purpose Entities and Consolidations.† Accounting Horizons 16, no. 3: 245+. Herrmann, Don, and Ian P.N. Hague. 2006, â€Å"Convergence: In Search of the Best CPAs Should Understand How U.S. and Foreign Accounting Standards Influence Each Other.† Journal of Accountancy 201, no. 1: 69+. Houston, Melvin, and Alan Reinstein. 2001, â€Å"International Accounting Standards and Their Implications for Accountants and U.S. Financial Statement Users.† Review of Business 22, no. 1: 75. Monson, Dennis W. 2001, â€Å"The Conceptual Framework and Accounting for Leases.† Accounting Horizons 15, no. 3: 275. Nobes, Christopher W. 2005,†Rules-Based Standards and the Lack of Principles in Accounting.† Accounting Horizons 19, no. 1: 25+. Radig, William J., and Brian Louder milk. 1998,†Leading the Way to Uniform Accounting Principles.† Review of Business 19, no. 3: 22+. Schipper, Katherine. 2003, â€Å"Principles-Based Accounting Standards.† Accounting Horizons 17, no. 1: 61+. Silliman, Benjamin Rue. 2005,†Convergence of Accounting Standards: A Comparative Analysis of the U.S. Revised Standard on Share-Based Payment and the International Accounting Standards Board’s IFRS 2.† Review of Business 26, no. 2: 24+. Wyatt, Arthur R., and Joseph F. Yospe. 1993,†Wake-Up Call to American Business: International Accounting Standards Are on the Way.† Journal of Accountancy 175, no. 7: 80+. [1] Encyclopedia Article Title: Accounting. Encyclopedia Title: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2004. [2] Article Title: Principles-Based Accounting Standards. Contributors: Katherine Schipper – author. Journal Title: Accounting Horizons. Volume: 17. Issue: 1. Publication Year: 2003. Page Number: 61+. [3] Article Title: Let’s Reassess Accounting Standards. Contributors: Samuel A. Derieux – author. Journal Title: Journal of Accountancy. Volume: 189. Issue: 5. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 82 Accounting Standards Essay Now-a-days, more and more enterprises are being managed by the professionals. The persons who provide risk capital to the enterprise do not participate in the day-to-day affairs of the enterprise and their major source of information about the enterprise is the financial reporting made by it. Apart from the providers of risk capital, there are other stakeholders also which include prospective shareholders, bankers, creditors, etc. , who use the financial reporting made by the enterprise to make their economic and financial decisions. In such a scenario, it is absolutely essential that financial reporting of an enterprise is unbiased, comparable, transparent and free from bias. This necessitates the existence of a sound financial reporting system in country which is based on the Accounting Standards. Realising the need for establishment of sound Accounting Standards in the country, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), being the premier accounting body in the country, established the Accounting Standards Board (ASB) way back in 1977. Since then, the Accounting Standards Board has been working relentlessly in this direction by formulating new Accounting Standards as well as by revising the existing Accounting Standards so as to bring them in line with the best international practices. With a view to improve the quality of financial reporting in the country in real terms, it is also essential that the issues that are arising in implementation of accounting standards are addressed appropriately so that all Accounting Standards are understood and applied in the manner intended. Keeping this in view and with a view to ensure effective implementation of these standards, the Institute has also issued various interpretations, revised existing interpretations and issued announcements on accounting standards. Keeping in view the continuous changes that are taking place in Accounting Standards, Accounting Standards Interpretations and announcements on accounting standards, it is imperative on the part of the Institute to make all such pronouncements/ announcements available in one single book and revise it from time to time. The Institute has, therefore, been publishing the Compendium of Accounting Standards which contains all new/ revised Accounting Standards and other related pronouncements/ announcements, issued upto the date of publication of the Compendium and which are existing on that date. I am happy to state that continuing this practice, the Institute is publishing this Compendium of Accounting Standards – As on July 1, 2006, which incorporates all latest developments in the field of Indian Accounting Standards. I firmly believe that this edition of the Compendium will be extremely useful not only to the members of the Institute in discharging their professional duties but also to the preparers of financial statements and other users of accounting standards. New Delhi November 17, 2006 T. N. Manoharan President Preface In recent years, there has been an unprecedented increase in the awareness about the need for and importance of Accounting Standards in the country. The accounting standards which lay down sound and wholesome principles for recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of information in the financial statements improve substantially the quality of financial reporting by an enterprise. The accounting standards tend to standardise diverse accounting practices with a view to eliminate, to the extent possible, incomparability of information contained in the financial statements of various enterprises. The accounting standards also improve the transparency of financial statements by requiring enhanced disclosures. Realising the significance of accounting standards in improving the quality of financial reporting, the accounting standards have been granted legal recognition under the Companies Act, 1956, which require accounting standards to be followed by all companies. Apart from the Companies Act, 1956, various regulatory bodies, e. g. , the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) also require compliance with the accounting standards issued by the Institute by their respective constituents. This is a clear manifestation of the significance of the accounting standards and high quality of accounting standards being issued by the Institute. With so much faith being reposed by the law and various regulatory authorities in the accounting standards issued by the Institute, the responsibilities of the Institute as an accounting standard-setting body has increased tremendously. The Institute, through its Accounting Standards Board, has been trying to discharge these responsibilities by issuing new accounting standards as well by revising the existing accounting standards. Apart from ssuing new accounting standards and/or revising the existing accounting standards, the endeavour of the Institute has also been to address the issues arising in the implementation of accounting standards through issuance of new interpretations, revision of the existing interpretations and issuance of announcements on accounting standards. With the regular developments taking place in the area of acc ounting standards, there is a need to publish an updated version of the Compendium of Accounting Standards, which incorporates all the relevant developments that have taken place since the publication of the last edition of the Compendium. As compared to the last edition of the Compendium of Accounting Standards in 2005, this edition incorporates limited revisions to two accounting standards, viz. , AS 15 (revised 2005), Employee Benefits, and AS 29, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets; which were issued subsequent to the last edition. Besides this, one new Accounting Standards Interpretation, two revised Interpretations and six new Announcements on Accounting Standards have also been incorporated. The Compendium also includes a comparative statement of International Accounting Standards/ International Financial Reporting Standards and Indian Accounting Standards as on date, to apprise the users about the comparative status of Indian Accounting Standards vis-avis the International Accounting Standards/ International Financial Reporting Standards. I would like to take this opportunity to place on record my appreciation of the efforts put in by all the persons involved in the formulation of accounting standards at relevant times. Accounting Standards Essay In your opinion are accounting standards necessary and to what extent? Do you agree with the view that mandatory regulations stifle innovation ? why? Give reasons? * Accounting standards are necessary to promote high quality financial reporting. The fundamental role of accounting is to communicate economic information about businesses and other organization to various stakeholders (government, investors, shareholders, suppliers, lenders, customers and the general public). * These stakeholders use such information to take decisions and to assess the stewardship of people appointed to manage such organizations. If this information is not of a high quality standard, then the stakeholders would be unable to take effective decisions that will benefit them. For example, if a financial report is manipulated to show higher profits, investors would hold on to their shares with the belief that the company is doing well. See more: Is the Importance of being earnest a satirical play essay * Good and useful information should have the essential characteristics of understandability, comparability, relevance and reliability in order to play its role effectively. Accounting standards serve to promote the understandability , comparability, relevance and reliability of financial reports. * Accounting standards are needed so that financial statements will fairly and consistently describe financial performance. Without standards, users of financial statements would need to learn the accounting rules of each company, and comparisons between companies would be difficult. Here are other reasons why accounting standards are important to every business. Protecting Investors By employing accounting standards, investors’ interests are ensured as the documents they review are definitely accurate and genuine. As investors, they are interested to know that their money will eventually earn and go back to them. Accounting standards increase the investors’ confidence in the business. Regulatory Compliance Government regulators set accounting standards that have to be adhered to by all companies. This is both beneficial to the investor or business owner as well as to the customers or clients because it protects them from frauds in businesses. It also promotes transparency among the business’ transactions which will eventually lead to the improved efficiency of the markets. Following accounting standards set by the FASB and the IASB will help prevent a company or business from spending on legal actions initiated by the government against it. Assessing Business Performance The use of accounting standards will enable a business to see or assess its performance. By doing so, they can also compare and contrast their business’ performance with other companies or competitors. It further helps a business see its strengths and weaknesses. By also comparing past and current performances, a business can assess the success of its strategies. Businesses will either prosper or fall. Depending on the trends and the economy of the country, an investment may grow or go down the drain. But in the end, accounting standards will make a difference. That is why all businesses have to follow and strictly adhere to accounting standards.